Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a leading technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely implemented in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. Assessing the perfo

Membrane Aerated Bioreactors (MABRs) provide a sustainable alternative for the complexities in modern wastewater treatment. These systems utilize aerobic digestion to effectively treat contaminants from wastewater, resulting in a more efficient effluent discharge. Benefits include, they consume significantly less energy than traditional methods, m